Meritocracy. An ideal world where everyone is rewarded based on his or her individual qualities. The intelligent and the hardworking become the rock stars, the lazy and ignorant are doomed to a life of mediocrity. But would a true meritocracy be as idyllic as it sounds?
As was covered in Part I, there are a number of problems with defining and identifying merit. In Part II, we are going to overlook these issues and imagine what a real meritocracy might look like, and why, despite what they might say, the vast majority of people actively undermine meritocracy on a regular basis.
What Would a True Meritocracy Look Like?
Assuming we have some agreed upon way to define and identify merit, what would a true meritocracy look like? For a pure meritocracy (i.e. one in which the success of a given person is solely determined by their own actions and intelligence) to exist, each individual’s merit needs to be determined solely by his or her own individual quality.
The problem with this is, in the real world, parents have a huge influence on a child’s chances of success. This influence comes in an infinite number of forms, but includes intangible things like advice, help with homework, introductions to influential people, and being a positive role model, as well as tangible resources such as money and access to the best schools.
If parents have such a large influence on the success (or failure) of their children, how can a true meritocracy exist? Realistically, to achieve a true meritocracy, the government (or some independent body) needs to equalize parents’ influence on their child.
This equalization can take two forms. The first form is providing resources and assistance to less well off parents to try bring them up to level of parents in the upper classes. This typically includes things like welfare payments, subsidized/free health care and housing assistance, but also includes scholarships and other programs offered to help disadvantaged kids.
The second form of equalization is typically more controversial and involves reducing the ability of upper class parents to provide advantages to their children. These types of measures are far more rare, but they do exist – policies such as inheritances taxes and the removal or restriction of private schools[1] are two examples.
The reason this second type of measure is so rare is because it starts to reveal the underlying tradeoff. The tradeoff being that ensuring everyone gets the same quality upbringing means that, for some children, the quality of their upbringing has to decrease.
But even if we were willing to accept more extreme policies, they can only realistically go so far. No government can legislate to ensure every child is read to at night, and nor can they implement a ban on reading to children to make sure no child gets an advantage. No government can legislate away deadbeat Dads or Moms that get drunk in front of the kids. Which means that if you are going to create a true meritocracy, there is only really one option – take the parents out of the picture completely. This is where things start to get a little scary.
To guarantee every child receives the exact same upbringing and education, the government (or some independent body) would need to remove parents from their children’s lives. This could take various forms. A Logan’s Run style scenario where everyone is ‘terminated’ at age 30 – essentially creating a nation of orphans is one potential option. Another would be taking children at birth and raising them in industrial scale nurseries and boarding schools out of reach of parents, somewhat akin to Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (without the presence of castes or the extreme social conditioning).
There a numerous ways that one can envisage removing a parents’ influence from their children, but the difficulty is imagining one that does not sound like a good premise for a movie about a dystopian future. In fact, the options are so unappealing that even the most repressive and extreme regimes in history have shied away from this kind of intervention.
If this is what a society would need to do to implement a true meritocracy, are there at least some upsides?
A Fairer System?
One of the key arguments made for meritocracy is that it is a ‘fairer’ system. But is it fairer (whatever that means), or are we simply replacing one lottery with another?
The current system is one in which your future success is dictated by some combination of who your parents and/or role models are (‘nurture’) and your own individual abilities (‘nature’). A true meritocracy, as we have been describing it, is simply a system in which the ‘nurture’ component has been standardized.
Is that actually fairer though? There will still be winners and losers, but now the people born with a dud genetic hand are probably worse off then in our current less meritocratic world. Unlike the current world we live in, there is no chance that a superior work ethic instilled by charmingly humble parents will get someone ahead. There are no inspiring stories of underdogs beating their better-credentialed rivals through pure determination. Rocky Balboa never even gets to fight against Apollo Creed. In a true meritocracy, the favorite always wins – that is the point of system.
A Better System?
By ensuring that the best and brightest are the ones that rise to the most influential positions, are we at least guaranteeing the fastest possible rate of progress for humanity? The answer to that question depends on how you believe progress is made.
Someone who believes that progress is only really made by rare transformative geniuses, like Einstein and Hawking, should be in favor of a more meritorious society. The risk is that a genius will be born to bad parents or in the wrong country, and as a result, that genius is wasted and substantial progress is forgone. To minimize the risk of this happening, a rational person should be willing to sacrifice certain freedoms (through more government intervention) to make sure that fewer geniuses are ‘wasted’.
On the other hand, if a person believes that progress is made by the cumulative effort of many, many intelligent (but not unique people), they should not be so worried about a true meritocracy. In this case, the loss of some geniuses to bad upbringings and poverty is much less consequential as they will be replaced by other equally or slightly less intelligent people. Maximizing the overall level of child welfare should be the priority, which, to most people, would mean allowing parents to raise their own children as far as possible.
Saying versus Doing
Stepping away from the theoretical, there is a lot that can be learned about people’s preferences in regard to meritocracy by simply looking at their actions in our world today. There is an Italian proverb that I enjoy reciting from time to time to make myself sound intelligent:
“Between saying and doing, many a pair of shoe is worn out”
Aside from the aforementioned reason, I bring this up now because people’s actions often reveal their true preferences much more accurately than their words. This is particularly true when it comes to meritocracy. In my experience, there are few people that do not actively attempt to give themselves (or those they care about) some advantage over others, and even fewer that would not take advantage of an opportunity that was presented to them.
A common example is private schools. These schools, by definition, are unmeritorious. Their business model is that parents will pay money (often large amounts of it) to send their children to a certain school exactly because they believe it will provide their child with an advantage over other children that don’t go to that school. If they did not believe it provided their children with an advantage, no rational parent would pay to send their child there.
Inheritances, giving someone a job because you know them, private tutors, moving to a better (i.e. more expensive) school district, helping out the kids with homework or even reading to them at night are just some of the endless ways that everyone, myself included, undermines a true meritocracy.
Summary
Despite the platitudes and mainstream acceptance, a true meritocracy is not what we really want as a society. Any serious thought on the subject quickly reveals a true meritocracy it is all but impossible to implement, and if implemented, the reality would be a dystopian world worthy of a George Orwell novel.
However, once the realization is made that a true meritocracy is impossible and undesirable, the remaining conclusion is that no one is truly arguing for or against meritocracy, everyone is simply arguing for a different shade of grey. The introduction and removal of various policies simply makes that shade slightly darker or lighter.
This is an important conclusion because it changes the perspective of the argument. There is no right vs. left, haves vs. have nots, good vs. evil. There is just people arguing for incremental changes. Each country, with every election, is simply working out what shade of grey they prefer.
[1] Many countries in Europe do not have private school systems, including education pinup nation Finland.
Meritocracy, as I understand it, is the attempt (and I argue the only serious attempt) to balance out the world. It ask the question, ‘Are the human sufferings in modern society justified?’. So it’s about attributing the right judgement on the right group of people without deviating from whatever constitution that the nation has adopted, and whether the constitution need to be changed or not is totally dependent on the existing power naturally.
In this instance, the questions you suggested is not suitable to use as a testing tool to measure the legitimacy of Meritocracy as a system. Your questions is more fitting for Democracies, who’s sole design is to eradicate existing system (especially Monarchy) via a Switch and Bait approach with its Voting System. I say this because Democracy claim to deliver absolute fairness and equal opportunity for everyone under its Voting System. It pride itself as the anti-thesis of Monarchies aka Absolute Power acquired through Favoritism (Inheritance). Yet the system itself couldn’t escape from a favor based judgement in the way it does hiring for public officials.
Furthermore, the experience of a Utopian society is what Democracy is selling via policy that promote personal freedom above all, which is exactly what you would expect from a political system without favoritism even on an individual’s private life and on how the private sector does their hiring processes. Those requirements are invasive obviously. It is the essence of what government overreach would look like in a Dystopian society. You’re looking at a Zeigist’s ideology in those cases, or Socialism for a more familiar term. Theocracies are more inclined to lean toward these political systems.
On the other hand, Meritocracy, in my mind, measure accurately and appropriately how much government involvement is necessary under all circumstances, having consider all empirical evidences at its disposal while coming up with a logical conclusion. It doesn’t care what people think, how they feel, or who they know. Its mission is to find the truth and implement it aptly. So unless you say the higher faculty in human development aka rationality is not fair compared to favoritism then I would suggest you to reconsider your stance on what a fair standard is, exactly.
There’s a famous proverb from the Jews, ‘Do not move the ancient boundary.’. Meritocracy, at least in my mind, respect those boundaries. All other known political system breaks it unilaterally throughout history. Because the spoil of wars and global atrocities is not enjoyed by the people mostly. It is the government in power who enjoy it primarily. But Meritocracy, following those ancient wisdom, will learn how to adapt to these unnatural natural disaster by allow everyone to benefit from it in equal measure, if the founders know what they’re doing. The secret is in ownership over natural products. In short, those who profit from the spoils of war ought to be enslaved to the benefactors until its debts are paid, and Royal Battles shouldn’t have any negative effects on tax paying citizens.
In summary, if I were to use a caricature to describe Meritocracy it would be an Ice Queen, dignified and sophisticated. Because no one can find fault in her judgement. Humans, however, are prone to mistakes. That’s why we set up Constitution and Bureaucracy to overcome human fragility. Meritocracy comes in to get rid of defective parts in those two pillars of government by offering exam based hiring process for official with appropriate fees befitting such important positions to eradicate careless applications, it offer the tax paying population the opportunity to participate in firing public officials in due processes guided by the appropriate and reputable professionals, and it attribute proper ownership of everything under its governance and re-distribute the proper reward to everyone who has contributed to the tax system. It puts the ‘nature’ in government without causing genocides like Monarchies tend to do. After all, wisdom say, ‘It will only take one person to fuck it up for everybody.’.
Meritocracy doesn’t strive for perfection in a sense that nobody will suffer ever again under its rule. So Utopia is not what it’s about. Neither it is void of common courtesy under extenuating circumstances. So Dystopia is not what it’s about. You can call it Humanism, because Heaven and Hell is too much for natural people to bear. It works on the presupposition that humans are naturally realists, not idealists.
Meritocracy would agree with your final statement. There is no left vs right, there is no haves and haves not, and there is no good and evil. Everyone just want a fair share of the pie before we go extinct. And as far as color goes, Meritocracy is ultraviolet, because it knows human perception is flawed naturally.